Gender comparison of perceptual-cognitive learning in young athletes.

Elite athletes demonstrate higher perceptual cognitive abilities compared to non-athletes and those capacities can be trained. A recent study showed that differences were observed between male and female athletes in their cognitive abilities whereby male athletes showed superior perceptual abilities compared to female athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there were gender differences in athletes' perceptual cognitive learning using a 3D-MOT tracking task. The study was performed on 72 young people from 16 to 22 years of age; athlete males and females and non-athlete males and females were distributed in four distinct groups. Five sessions comprised of three thresholds were performed with each participant. Results indicated that all participants benefited from training and significantly increased their speed thresholds. Initial scores showed that male athletes achieved higher speed thresholds than any other groups. Furthermore, after 5 weeks, female athletes obtained higher speed thresholds in comparison to their non-athlete counterparts. In conclusion, engaging in sporting activity is associated with improved perceptual-cognitive abilities and learning. The results support the notion that competitive sport-related activity is beneficial for perceptual-cognitive functions and emphasizes the benefits of participating in sport-related activities for improved brain function with an even greater impact for females.

Exploring the factors influencing public intention for spectator sports consumption based on grounded theory.

Spectator sports consumption serves as a vital component in the development of the sports industry. However, numerous challenges exist in fostering public engagement in this domain. Therefore, in order to explore the factors that influence public participation in spectator sport consumption, this study analyzes the intention to participate in spectator sports consumption from the perspective of consumers. On this basis, Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 members of the public, and three levels of coding were analyzed using the qualitative research method of procedural rooting theory and establish a model on the influence of public intention to participate in spectator sports consumption, and on this basis, we reveal the influence of crucial elements. The results of the study indicate that: Firstly, personal and psychological factors are significant internal drivers, while external drivers cover product and contextual factors. Secondly, the key to filling the attitudinal and behavioral gaps is the depth of perception individually, which is of great importance in increasing public participation. Thirdly, external contextual factors impacting consumer support primarily consist of external incentives, social influences, and urban contextual variables, which also serve a moderating role in the integration model. The results suggest that guiding the public to actively participate in spectator sport consumption should be based on an understanding of individual perceptions, emotions as well as attitudes. This paper develops a model examining public motivation to engage in spectator sports locally in China, pinpoints the primary influencing factors and mechanisms, and presents novel concepts for the sustainable growth of the sports sector.

La dependencia del ejercicio físico en deportes de resistencia: relación con la regulación emocional y el afecto negativo / Dependence on physical exercise in endurance sports: relationship with emotional regulation and negative affect

El ejercicio físico en altos volúmenes y descontrolado puede generar dependencia psicológica y cambios en el estado de ánimo. La regulación emocional y el afecto negativo son procesos relevantes para el desarrollo de patrones adictivos. Este estudio analizó las diferencias en afecto negativo y regulación emocional en función del perfil de práctica del ejercicio físico; la relación entre la dependencia del ejercicio, la regulación emocional y el afecto negativo; y el papel mediador de la regulación emocional en dicha relación. Participaron 375 practicantes de deportes de resistencia. Las diferencias en los perfiles de práctica del ejercicio físico fueron significativas en todas las variables de estudio. La dependencia del ejercicio correlacionó de forma positiva y significativa con las dificultades de regulación emocional y con el afecto negativo. Las dificultades de regulación emocional fueron predictoras de la dependencia del ejercicio. Hubo un efecto de mediación de las dificultades de regulación emocional entre el afecto negativo y la dependencia del ejercicio. Mejorar las habilidades de regulación emocional podría prevenir la aparición de la dependencia del ejercicio.(AU)

The copious and uncontrolled practice of exercise can generate psychologicaldependence and mood changes. Emotional regulation and negative affectivity arerelevant processes for the development of addictive patterns. This study analysedthe differences in negative affectivity and emotional regulation based on thepractice profile of exercise; the relationship between exercise dependence,emotional regulation, and negative affectivity; and the mediating role of emotionalregulation in such relationship. 375 endurance sports practitioners participated.The differences in the physical exercise practice profiles were significant in all thestudy variables. Exercise dependence correlated positively and significantly withemotional regulation difficulties and with negative affectivity. Emotional regulationdifficulties were predictors of exercise dependence. There was a mediating effectof emotional regulation difficulties between negative affect and exercisedependence. Improving emotional regulation skills could prevent the onset ofexercise dependence.(AU)

Mediation effects of basic psychological needs and motivation among coach leadership style on the subjective well-being of adapted sports athletes' members of the special olympics.

INTRODUCTION: Subjective well-being has numerous indicators of global well-being, however, the most important are life satisfaction and attachments, which can be both positive and negative. The leadership of the coach is an integral part of the process that cares for the relationship of the athlete and coach, where the coach has a fundamental role on the athlete, and consequently on his subjective well-being. OBJECTIVE: The study has the purpose to analyse if and in what way the Basic Psychological Needs-relationship, autonomy and social relationship (mediator 1, M1) and the autonomous motivation (mediator 2, M2) mediate the relationship of the variables of democratic style (independent variable, X) with subjective well-being-life satisfaction and positive attachment (dependent variable, Y). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, participated 94 athletes with Intellectual and Developmental Difficulty (IDD), aged between 11 and 63 years (x = 32.6 ± SD = 13.8 years) of both genders. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple serial mediation models, using the macro PROCESS for SPSS, version 3 (model 6), using the bootstrap method with 10000 samples. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There is a mediation effect between those of basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation, exercised between the democratic leadership profile of the coach and the subjective welfare of the athlete. On the other hand, autocratic style has a significant direct effect on the increase in basic psychological needs and controlled motivation. However, the democratic style is more consistent in this type of analysis. Our results reinforce the importance of promoting a democratic leadership style on the part of the coach in their athletes, enhancing a direct effect on life satisfaction and positive attachment in athletes adapted with IDD members of the Special Olympics.

Psychosocial experiences of competitive rugby players on the "long, long journey" to recovery following ACL ruptures and reconstruction.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries are serious and potentially career-ending. Reconstruction surgery and extended rehabilitation typically follow, but some athletes never attain the same level of sport performance. The psychosocial experiences of athletes who sustain ACL injuries and their cognitive appraisal, emotional and behavioral responses to the injury, and reconstruction require further attention during the different recovery phases. The aim is to explore these psychosocial experiences, social support needs and sources thereof of competitive athletes who sustained unilateral ACL ruptures and underwent reconstruction surgery. Semi-structured interviews with six competitive rugby players (M age: 22.3 ± 2.92 years), elicited information at seven time-points. We analyzed the qualitative information through thematic analysis. Five common themes emerged: (1) cognitive appraisal, (2) emotional responses (negative and positive affective responses), (3) behavioral responses, (4) social support needs and sources thereof, and (5) adversity-induced identity expansion (athletic and person-centered identities). In-vivo quotes gave a rich description of the athletes' experiences throughout the "long, long journey" to return-to-sport. These findings may sensitize and assist sports healthcare professionals, coaches, teammates, family, and friends to explore various psychosocial experiences throughout the injury and recovery period. Phase-appropriate psychosocial support or referral to sport psychology services is recommended to enhance the recovery process, improve long-term physical and mental health, and subsequent performance.

Cash outs during in-play sports betting: Who, why, and what it reveals.

Cashing out is a popular feature of modern 'in-play' sports betting that allows sports bettors to withdraw a bet before the sporting event on which the bet was placed is finalized. Previous studies have shown that use of the cash out feature is positively related to problem gambling symptomatology. However, little is known about demographic and psychological characteristics of in-play sports bettors who use the cash out feature, or their motivations for use. To fill this knowledge gap, we recruited 224 adults (18 + years) from Ontario who engaged in in-play sports betting in the past three months. Participants completed self-report measures of psychological and gambling-related variables. Participants also provided qualitative responses for their motivations for using the cash out feature. Approximately half (51.8 %) of the participants reported using the cash out feature. No statistically significant demographic differences were found between participants who used and did not use the cash out feature. Participants who used the feature (compared to those who did not) reported higher problematic alcohol and cannabis use, feelings of depression, anxiety, and stress, and were motivated to gamble to make money. The primary reasons for cashing out were to access money immediately, to cut losses, and because cashing out felt like a less risky option. The current findings shed light on underlying psychological vulnerabilities associated with individuals who use the cash out feature, which can inform initiatives to reduce the harms associated with this popular feature of sports betting.

Estimating and monetizing the causal effect of severe interpersonal violence against children in sports on subjective well-being.

BACKGROUND: Interpersonal Violence (IV) against children in sports is a prevalent problem and has a major impact on their well-being. However, the causal relationship and the costs for society remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to estimate the causal effect of severe IV in sports on Subjective Well-Being (SWB) and to monetize the collective loss for society. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The study used survey data from 4003 respondents in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium). The questionnaire included current SWB as well as 41 items to assess experiences with psychological, physical and sexual IV in sports before the age of 18. Severity was quantified by experts and reported frequency. METHODS: By using the number of sports that someone participated in during their youth as an instrumental variable to control for confounding, the study estimates the causal effect of severe IV on SWB. The Three-Stage Well-Being Valuation Approach was used to monetize the loss in SWB in terms of income compensation. RESULTS: The results show that experiencing severe IV in sports results in significant lower SWB levels (b = -0.45, p < .01). The lower SWB is comparable to an annual loss of income of 9672 euro per person. CONCLUSIONS: We have found evidence for a causal effect of severe IV in childhood on the SWB later in life. The results highlight the long-term, extensive impact of experiencing severe IV in sports that exceeds direct physical and psychological health outcomes.

Understanding factors influencing people with disabilities' participation in sports and cultural activities.

BACKGROUND: Improving people with disabilities' participation in sports and cultural activities benefits their physical and mental health. However, only a few studies have examined the factors that influence participation systematically. METHODS: Using the survey data gathered from 4,319 disabled people living in a district in Wuhan, China, this study explored the impacts of sports and cultural activity participation in terms of individual physiological characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and built environmental features. The sports and cultural facility supply and the walkability index of their community environment were calculated to assess built environment features. Binary logistic regression models were also used to investigate the influence of the aforementioned variables. RESULTS: There is a significant positive correlation between sports and cultural activity participation and education (OR = 3.44, p < 0.01), employment status (OR = 2.04, p < 0.01), as well as the number of cultural facilities (OR = 1.33, p < 0.01) in the neighborhood area. No significant association was found between the inclination to participate frequently and individual psychological factors. CONCLUSION: Regarding people with disabilities' participation in sports and cultural activities, socioeconomic and built environment factors are more influential than individual psychological ones. The findings can give ideas for identifying targeted and comprehensive interventions to promote a healthy lifestyle for people with disabilities.

Sports Psychiatry: Assuring a Diverse Workforce in an Area of Increasing Professional Interest.

Athletes at all levels of participation, including athletes of color, have no natural immunity to mental health challenges. There is considerable evidence to support that no matter the level of participation, athletic identity including race, may be linked to psychological distress. This article provides the clinical context needed to offer therapeutic interventions to athletes and recommendations for how training programs can prepare psychiatrists for this work and opportunities for future development and inclusion of psychiatrists as members of the "medical" team, especially when working to address the needs of the increasingly diverse population of athletes today.

Overcoming adversity during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal stability of psychosocial resource profiles of elite athletes and their association with perceived stress.

Previous research has demonstrated that psychosocial resources are associated with elite athletes' perceived stress. However, these resources have mainly been studied separately. Using a person-oriented approach, this study aimed to identify meaningful profiles of athletes' psychosocial resources, their stability over time, and their relationship with perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify such patterns, separate latent profile analyses (LPA) at two measurement points T1 (June 2020) and T2 (March 2021) and a subsequent latent transition analysis (LTA) were conducted with athletic identity, resilience, perceived social support, and self-esteem for a sample of 373 Swiss elite athletes. Perceived stress was analyzed at and between T1 and T2 with a mixed-design ANOVA. For LPA, theoretical considerations and statistical criteria led to a solution of four profiles: (1) Athletic Identifiers With Above-Average Resources (nT1 = 235; nT2 = 240), (2) Below-Average Athletic Identifiers With Below-Average Resources (nT1 = 84; nT2 = 90), (3) Variable Athletic Identifiers With Below-Average Internal and Clearly Below-Average External Resources (nT1 = 14; nT2 = 7), and (4) Athletic Identifiers With Below-Average Internal and Above-Average External Resources (nT1 = 40; nT2 = 36). For LTA, both structural and individual stability was demonstrated. A large and significant main effect of perceived stress was observed for resource profiles, while there was no significant main effect for measurement point nor interaction effect. Direct comparisons revealed that Athletic Identifiers With Above-Average Resources perceived significantly less stress than the other profiles at both time points. In conclusion, regardless of psychosocial resource profile, the perceived stress of elite athletes was stable during the COVID-19 pandemic, but exhibiting a pattern with high psychosocial resources seems to buffer against stress compared to a lack of specific resources. Therefore, sport federations and practitioners should provide tailored support programs to help athletes build all these resources.

[Sports and Physical Exercise Therapy in the Treatment of Mental Health Issues in Children and Adolescents]. / Sport- und Bewegungstherapie in der Behandlung psychischer Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen.

Sports and Physical Exercise Therapy in the Treatment of Mental Health Issues in Children and Adolescents Abstract: Mental disorders are among the most common chronic diseases in childhood and adolescence in Germany and worldwide. The health benefits of a physically active lifestyle during adolescence are well documented. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence suggests a positive impact of physical activity on mental health and emotional well-being. Longitudinal studies also show an association between physical activity and reduced risk of developing a mental disorder. Therefore, therapeutic exercise plays an important role in child and adolescent psychiatry. High-quality randomized-controlled trials are needed to substantiate the described effects.

The "Young Athlete Body Project"-A pilot study evaluating the acceptability of and results from an eating disorder prevention program for adolescent athletes.

BACKGROUND: The high frequency of eating disorders (EDs) in sports speaks of a need for early-stage preventive measures. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the acceptability of an age, sex, and sports adapted version of the "Body Project" and changes in mental health symptoms. METHODS: This noncontrolled pilot study included a class of athletes from 18 sports (N = 73, 13-14 years) at a sport-specialized junior high school in six small-group workshops. We interviewed 34 athletes on program acceptability, and all athletes responded to questionnaires at pretest, posttest, and 6-month follow-up including the Body Appreciation Scale 2-Children, Social Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 revised, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short form-12 modified, and questions about body appearance pressure (BAP). RESULTS: Athletes found the program acceptable and beneficial, but some missed physically oriented activities or did not identify with the focus, particularly boys. There were acceptable levels in mental health constructs before the workshops. There were temporary changes in the percentage of boys experiencing "BAP in society" by -14.8% points (95% CI: -.6 to .0, p = .04), % in total group experiencing "BAP at school" by +11% points (95% CI: .0-.2, p = .05), thinness idealization by girls (g = .6, p = .002) and total group (g = .4, p = .006), and muscularity idealization by boys (g = .3, p = .05) and total group (g = .23, p = .04). DISCUSSION: Athletes experienced benefits from the Young Athlete Body Project. Seeing stabilization in outcomes may mean a dampening of the otherwise expected worsening in body appreciation and ED symptoms over time. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Adolescent athletes are at risk for developing EDs. Due to lack of prevention programs for this group, we adapted and evaluated a well-documented effective program, the Body Project, to fit male and female athletes <15 years. The athletes accepted the program and experienced participation benefits, with stronger acceptance among girls. Our promising findings encourage larger scaled randomized controlled trials to further evaluate a refined version this program among very young athletes.

Insatisfacción corporal, ortorexia y dependencia al ejercicio en corredores amateur de resistencia / Insatisfação corporal, ortorexia e dependência do treino em corredores amadores de resistência / Body image dissatisfaction, orthorexia and training addiction in amateur endurance runners

El objetivo del estudio fue conocer si existe relación entre la insatisfacción corporal, la ortorexia y la dependencia al ejercicio en una muestra de corredores de resistencia aficionados, así como examinar las variables psicológicas como la identidad, el perfeccionismo y el enfoque a través de la comparación entre grupos y la obtención de perfiles. Para ello, 129 corredores participantes en la edición XIII del Trail 7 Colinas de Tartessos en 2023 (96 hombres y 33 mujeres; media de edad M=45.5; DT=8.4), completaron el cuestionario de imagen corporal (Body Shape Qustionnaire, BSQ 14), la ortorexia 11 (ORTO-11), el Inventario de perfeccionismo multidimensional en el Deporte en competición (MIPS), la Escala de medición de identidad deportiva (AIMS), el cuestionario ad hoc de Satisfacción Manifiesta (CS), el cuestionario de Percepción de Éxito (POSQ). También se registraron los datos y parámetros como corredor. Los resultados mostraron que el 15% de los corredores presentaron insatisfacción corporal y el 16 % ortorexia. Además, el 13 % de los corredores presentaron ambas manifestaciones. Se encontró una correlación significativa positiva entre la insatisfacción corporal y la ortorexia. Ambas variables también presentaron correlaciones negativas con la satisfacción manifiesta sobre la imagen corporal. Sin embargo, no se encontró relación con la dependencia del ejercicio, aunque los componentes de esta última se relacionaron con variables psicológicas; el componente positivo mostró una correlación negativa con el perfeccionismo, y el componente negativo se relacionó positivamente con la identidad deportiva. Ambas variables resultaron relevantes en la comparación de los grupos en relación a la ortorexia, y de manera separadas en la discriminación; el perfeccionismo sobre la insatisfacción manifiesta y la escala de identidad sobre la ortorexia.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to find out whether there is a relationship between body dissatisfaction, orthorexia, and exercise dependence in a sample of amateur endurance runners, as well as to examine psychological variables such as identity, perfectionism, and focus by comparing groups and obtaining profiles. To this end, 129 runners participating in the XIII edition of the Trail 7 Colinas de Tartessos in 2023 (96 men and 33 women; mean age M=45.5; SD=8.4), completed the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ14),the Orthorexia 11 (ORTO-11), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Inventory in Competitive Sport (MIPS), the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), the ad hoc Satisfaction Questionnaire (CS), the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ). Data and parameters as a runner were also recorded. The results showed that 15% of the runners presented body dissatisfaction and 16% orthorexia. In addition, 13 % of the runners had both manifestations. A significant positive correlation was found between body dissatisfaction and orthorexia. Both variables were also negatively correlated with expressed satisfaction with body image. However, no relationshipwas found with exercise dependence, although components of exercise dependence were related to psychological variables; the positive component showed a negative correlation with perfectionism, and the negative component was positively related to sports identity. Both variables were relevant in the comparison of the groups in relation to orthorexia, and separately in discrimination,perfectionism on manifest dissatisfaction and the identity scale on orthorexia.(AU)

O objectivo do estudo foi analisar se existe uma relação entre insatisfação corporal, ortorexia e dependência do exercício numa amostra de corredores amadores de endurance, bem como analisar variáveis psicológicas como a identidade, o perfeccionismo e o foco, através da comparação entre grupos e da obtenção de perfis. Para o efeito, 129 corredores participantes na XIII edição do Trail 7 Colinas de Tartessos em 2023 (96 homens e 33mulheres; idade média M=45.5; DP=8.4), preencheram o Body ShapeQuestionnaire(BSQ 14), o Orthorexia 11 (ORTO-11), o Multidimensional Perfectionism Inventory in Competitive Sport (MIPS), a Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), o ad hoc Satisfaction Questionnaire (CS), e o Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ). Foram igualmente registados os dados e os parâmetros enquanto corredores. Os resultados mostraram que 15% dos corredores apresentavam insatisfação corporal e 16% ortorexia. Para alémdisso, 13% dos corredores apresentavam ambas as manifestações. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva significativa entre a insatisfação corporal e a ortorexia. Ambas as variáveis estavam também negativamente correlacionadas com a satisfação expressa com a imagem corporal. No entanto, não foi encontrada qualquer relação com a dependência do exercício, embora os componentes da dependência do exercício estivessem relacionados com variáveis psicológicas; a componente positiva evidenciou uma correlação negativa com o perfeccionismo, e a componente negativa estava positivamente relacionado coma identidade desportiva. Ambas as variáveis foram relevantes na comparação dos grupos em relação à ortorexia, e separadamente na discriminação; o perfeccionismo na insatisfação manifesta e a escala de identidade na ortorexia.(AU)

Variables psicológicas y fortaleza mental en jugadores/as profesionales de Baloncesto / Variáveis psicológicas e resistência mental em jugadores profissionais de basquetebol / Psychological variables and Mental Toughness in professional basketball players

Los trabajos sobre las variables psicológicas que influyen en el rendimiento de los deportistas en sus diferentes disciplinas contribuyen a poder realizar una intervención más adecuada. En este estudio, a través del Cuestionario de Necesidades Psicológicas del Deportista (CNPD) de Dosil (2005), se describe cual es el grado de motivación, activación, confianza y atención, que nos permiten determinar un continuo en la fortaleza mental de los jugadores y de las jugadoras de Baloncesto de las competiciones profesionales y semiprofesionales en España.Esta investigación instrumental realiza un estudio comparativo transversal de carácter descriptivo y exploratorio. La muestra está compuesta de 184 baloncestistas, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 38 años (M= 24.20; DT= 4.65); presentando el 84.2% una experiencia de 11 o más años de práctica.El trabajo describe y compara a los y las participantes de las distintas ligas profesionales y semiprofesional en España, encontrando diferencias significativas en fortaleza mental a favor de la Liga ACB con la Liga EBA (tamaño del efecto = 1.00, grande), a favor de la Liga ACB con la LF2 (tamaño del efecto = 1.13, grande), y a favor de la LEB Plata con la LF2 (tamaño del efecto = 1.00, grande). El mayor conocimiento de las variables psicológicas, las diferencias entre jugadores y jugadoras y las particularidades de cada uno, permite una mejor intervención personal y a través de los cuerpos técnicos.(AU)

The works on the psychological variables that influence the performance of athletes in their different disciplines contribute to being able to perform a more appropriate intervention. In this study, the Athlete's Psychological Needs Questionnaire describes the degree of motivation, arousal, confidence, and attention that allows us to determine a continuum in the mental toughness of basketball players in professional and semi-professional competitions in Spain. This cross-sectional comparative study with a sample of 184 basketball players, aged between 16 and 38 years (M= 24.20; SD= 4.65); presenting 84.2% an experience of 11 or more years of practice. The work describes and compares the participants of the different professional and semi-professional leagues in Spain, finding significant differences in mental toughness in favor of the ACB League with the EBA League (effe size = 1.00, large), in favor of the ACB League with the LF2 (effect size = 1.13, large), and in favor of the LEB Plata with the LF2 (effect size = 1.00, large). The greater knowledge of the psychological variables, the differences between male and female players, and the particularities of each one, allows a better personal intervention through the technical staff.(AU)

Os trabalhos sobre as variáveis psicológicas que influenciam o rendimento dos desportistas nas suas diferentes vertentes (disciplinas) podem contribuir para realizar uma intervenção mais adequada. Neste estudo, através do Questionário de Necessidades Psicológicas do Desportista (CNPD), descreve-se qual o grau de motivação, ativação, confiança e atenção, que nos permitem determinar um continuum na resistência mental dos jogadores e das jogadoras de Basquetebol das competições profissionais e semiprofissionais em Espanha. Este estudo instrumental de natureza transversal, participaram184 basquetebolistas, com idades compreendias entre os 16 e os 38 anos (M= 24.20; DP= 4.65); apresentando 84.2% com uma experiência de 11 ou mais anos de prática. O trabalho descreve e compara os participantes das diferentes ligas profissionais e semiprofissionais em Espanha, encontrando diferenças significativas na resistência mental a favor da Liga ACB com a Liga EBA (tamanho do efeito = 1.00, grande), a favor da Liga ACB com o LF2 (tamanho do efeito = 1.13, grande) e a favor da LEB Plata com o LF2 (tamanho do efeito = 1.00, grande). Um maior conhecimento das variáveis psicológicas, das diferenças entre jogadores e jogadoras e das particularidades de cada um, permite uma melhor intervenção pessoal, por parte das equipas técnicas.(AU)

Effects of Selected Cognitive-Motor Intervention on the Level of Physical Literacy and Executive Functionsin Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Girls: A One-month Follow-up Study / Efectos de la Intervención Cognitiva-Motora Seleccionada Sobre el Nivel de Literacia Física y Las Funciones Ejecutivas en Niñas con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad: Un Estudio de Seguimiento de un Mes / Efeitos da Intervenção Cognitivo-Motora Selecionada sobre o Nível de Literacia Física e Funções Executivas de Meninas sobre o Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade: Um Estudo de Acompanhamento de Um Mês

The aim of thepresent study was to investigate the effectiveness of selected cognitive-motor intervention on the level of physical literacy (PL) and executive functions of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) girls in a one-month follow-up plan. The statistical population included 30 girls with ADHD, all from Yazd (15 participants per group, experimental and control) were selected based on DSM-V criteria. While the control group was not exposed to any treatment andjust continued working as usual, the experimental group participated in 18 sessions (3 sessions a week) of the cognitive-motor program. In order to evaluate PL, the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Second Edition (CAPL-2), and for executive function the Continuous Performance Test (sustained attention) and Computer Mapping of the Tower of London task (motion planning) were used. Data analysis wa also conducted using the mixed varianceanalysis test with repeated measures and an independent T-test at a significance level of p≤.05. According to the results, the experimental group had better performance in PL and executive functions (sustained attention and movement planning) in the posttest and follow-up than the pretest. But, in the control group, no significant difference was observed between the test stages. Moreover, comparing the groups, the experimental group had better performance than the control group in PL, sustained attention, and movement planning. Therefore, cognitive-motor intervention can be used to develop PL and executive functions of ADHD girls.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fueinvestigar la efectividad de una intervención cognitiva-motora seleccionada en el nivel de la Literacia Física (PL) y funciones ejecutivas de niñas contrastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en un plan de seguimiento de un mes. La población eran niñas con TDAH, de Yazd, 15 participantes por grupo, experimental y control, fueron seleccionadas según los criterios del DSM-V. Mientras que el grupo de control no estuvo expuesto a ningún tratamiento y siguió trabajando como de costumbre, el grupo experimental participó en 18 sesiones del programa cognitivo-motor. (3 sesiones/sem). Para evaluar la PL se utilizó Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Second Edition (CAPL-2), y para la función ejecutiva el Continuous Performance Test (atenciónsostenida) y la tarea Computer Mapping of the Tower of London (planificación motora). Un análisis de varianza mixta con medida repetida y una prueba T independiente fue realizada a un nivel de significancia de p≤.05. De acuerdo con los resultados, el grupoexperimental tuvo mejor desempeño en PL y funciones ejecutivas (atención sostenida y planificación motora) en el posprueba y seguimiento que en la prueba previa. Pero, en el grupo de control, no se observó diferencia significativa entre las etapas de laprueba. Al comparar los grupos, se demostró que el grupo experimental tuvo un mejor desempeño que el grupo de control en PL, atención sostenida y planificación motora. Por lo tanto, la intervención cognitivo-motora se puede utilizar para desarrollar la PL y las funciones ejecutivas de las niñas con TDAH.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a eficácia da intervenção cognitivo-motora selecionada no nível de Literacia Física (PL) e funções executivas de meninas com transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) com um plano de acompanhamento de um mês. A população foi composta por 30 meninas meninas com TDAH, todas de Yazd, as quais (15 participantes por grupo, experimental e controlo) foram selecionadas com base nos critérios do DSM-V. Enquanto o grupo controlo não foi exposto a nenhum tratamento e apenas continuou trabalhando normalmente, o grupo experimental participou de 18 sessões do programa cognitivo-motor (3 sessões/semena). Para avaliar a PL, foi utilizado o Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Second Edition (CAPL-2), e para a função executiva o Continuous Performance Test (atenção sustentada) e a tarefa de Computer Mapping of the Tower of London (planeamentomotor). A análise dos dados também foi realizada por meio do teste de análise de variância mista com medida repetida e um t test de amsotras independentescom nível designificância p≤.05. De acordo com os resultados, o grupo experimental demonstrou melhor desempenho em PL e funções executivas (atenção sustentada e planeamento motor) no pós-teste do que no pré-teste. Já no grupo controlo não frami observadasdiferenças significativas entre as etapas do teste. A comparação dos grupos evidenciou que o grupoexperimental teve melhor desempenho do que o grupo controlo na alfabetização física, atenção sustentada e planeamento motor. Portanto, a intervenção cognitivo-motora pode ser usada para desenvolver a PL e as funções executivas de meninas com TDAH.(AU)

Resiliencia entre deportistas de alto rendimiento y no deportistas con discapacidad física / Resiliência entre desportistas de alto rendimento e não desportistas com deficiência física / Resilience between high performance athletes and non-athletes with physical disabilities

Se investigó la diferencia existente entre el nivel de resiliencia de personas con discapacidad física, comparando deportistas de alto rendimiento y personas no deportistas. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia con la participación de 20 personas con discapacidad física, 10 deportistas de alto rendimiento de Boyacá y 10 no deportistas; ambos grupos con 6 hombres y 4 mujeres, con edades entre los 19 y 25 años. Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal y tipo comparativo no experimental, utilizando el instrumento Escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young (1993), validado y estandarizado por Gómez (2019). Los resultados evidencian una diferencia de medias superior para el grupo de deportistas de rendimiento en comparación con los no deportistas, sin embargo, dicha diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (t(18) = 1.38; p= .092) concluyendo que el deporte de alto rendimiento es uno de muchos factores que favorecen la resiliencia en personas con discapacidad física.(AU)

The difference in resilience levels of people with physical disabilities was investigated by comparing high-performance and non-athlete athletes. A convenience sampling was conducted with the participation of 20 people with physical disabilities, 10 high-performance athletes from Boyacá, and 10 non-athletes; groups with 6 men and 4 women, aged between 19 and 25 years. The study had a quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative, and non-experimental design, using the Resilience Scale of Wagnild and Young (1993), validated and standardized by Gómez (2019). The results show a higher mean difference for the group of performance athletes compared to non-athletes;however, this difference was not statistically significant (t(18) = 1.38; p= .092), concluding that sport High performance is one of many factors that promote resilience in people with physical disabilities.(AU)

A diferença nos níveis de resiliência de pessoas com deficiência física foi investigada comparando atletas de alto rendimento e não atletas. Foi realizada uma amostragem por conveniência com a participação de 20 pessoas com deficiência física, 10 atletas de alto desempenho de Boyacá e 10 não atletas; ambos os grupos com 6 homens e 4 mulheres, com idades entre 19 e 25 anos. O estudo teve um design quantitativo, transversal, comparativo e não experimental, usando a Escala de Resiliência de Wagnild e Young (1993), validada e padronizada por Gómez (2019). Os resultados mostram uma diferença média maior para o grupo de atletas de rendimento em comparação aos não atletas, porém, essa diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa (t(18) = 1,38; p= 0,092), concluindo que o alto rendimento esportivo é um dos muitos fatores que promovem a resiliência em pessoas com deficiência física.(AU)

Impacto de uma sessão de sensibilização na aula de Educação Física nas atitudes de estudantes face à inclusão de colegas com deficiência / Impactode una sesión de sensibilización en la clase de Educación Física enlas actitudes de los estudiantes hacia la inclusión de pares condiscapacidad / The impact of an awareness session in Physical Education class on students’ attitudes towards the inclusion of peers with disabilities

Las percepciones de los estudiantes son un factor clave para la inclusión exitosa de sus pares con discapacidad. Ante el desafío docente de desarrollar estrategias que faciliten el proceso de inclusión, el presente estudio implementó un programa de sensibilización con el objetivo de investigar el impacto en las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia la inclusión de compañeros con discapacidad en sus clases de Educación Física (EF). Se utilizó la versión portuguesa validada por Campos, Ferreira y Block (2014) del instrumento “The Children's Attitudes Towards Inclusion in Physical Education –Revised” (CAIPE-R) de Block (1995), en dos momentos, antes y después del programa de concientización. La intervención implicó una clase de educación física de 90 minutos. Participaron 94 estudiantes con edades entre 15 y 18 años (M= 15.45, DT= 0.65), 52.1% do sexo femenino(n=49), 43.6% so sexo masculino (n=41) y 4.3% identificado con no binario (n=4). Los participantes se dividieron en dos grupos, grupo experimental (n=44) y grupo control (n=50). Los resultados revelaron que el grupo experimental después de la intervención mostró diferencias en cuanto a las actitudes en la escala global y las ambas subescalas siendo que el programa de concientización resultó en percepciones más positivas por parte de los estudiantes respecto a la inclusión de sus pares con discapacidad en las clases de EF.(AU)

Students' perceptions are a key factor for the successful inclusion of their peers with disabilities. Considering the teaching challenge of developing facilitating strategies for the inclusion process, this study implemented an awareness program to investigate the impact on students' attitudes toward including colleagues with disabilities in their Physical Education (PE) classes. The Portuguese version validated by Campos et al. (2014) of the instrument “The Children's Attitudes Towards Inclusion in Physical Education –Revised” (CAIPE-R) by Block (1995) was used, in two moments, before and after the awareness program. The awareness intervention comprised a 90-minute PE class.Participants were 94 students, between 15 and 18 years old (M= 15.45, SD= 0.65), 52.1% female (n=49), 43.6% male (n=41), and 4.3% identified with non-binary (n=4). Participants were divided into two groups, the experimental group (n= 44) and the control group (n= 50).The results revealed that the experimental group after the intervention showed differences in attitudes on a global scale and both subscales, thus the awareness program resulted in more positive attitudes regarding the inclusion of peers with disabilities in PE classes.(AU)

As perceções dos estudantes são um fator fulcral para que a inclusão dos seus pares comdeficiência seja bem-sucedido. Perante o desafio docente em desenvolver estratégias facilitadoras ao processo de inclusão, o presente estudo implementou um programa de sensibilização com o objetivo de averiguar o impacto nas atitudes dos estudantes face à inclusão de colegas com deficiência nas suas aulas de Educação Física (EF). Foi utilizada a versão portuguesa validada por Campos et al. (2014) do instrumento “The Children’s Attitudes Towards Inclusion in Physical Education –Revised” (CAIPE-R) deBlock (1995), em dois momentos, antes e após o programa de sensibilização. A intervenção consistiu numa aulade EF de 90 minutos.Participaram 94 estudantes com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e 18 anos, (M= 15.45, DP= 0.65), 52.1% do género feminino (n=49), 43.6% do género masculino (n=41) e 4.3% identificavam se com não binários (n=4), sendo que não foram considerados para análise. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, grupo experimental (n=44) e grupo de controlo (n=50).Os resultados revelaram que o grupo experimental após a intervenção apresentou diferenças em termos de atitudes na escala global e em ambas as subescalas, sendo que o programa de sensibilização resultou em perceções mais positivas por parte dos estudantes face à inclusão dos seus pares com deficiência nas aulas de EF.(AU)

Resilience in theface of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portuguese Adult Athletes / Resiliencia frente a la Pandemia de COVID-19 en los/as Deportistas Adultos/as Portugueses/as / Resiliência face à Pandemia COVID-19 em Atletas Adultos/as Portugueses/as

COVID-19 triggered the most significant global state of emergency since World War II, establishing a long-lasting and challenging transition period in anyone's life. In the case of athletes, some specific challenges arise, particularly those associated with the restrictions in training and competitions imposed by sanitary measures. This exploratory and cross-sectional study aims to understand athletes' resilience in the face of COVID-19. The data was collected between December 2020 and March 2021 from 1016 participants with a mean age of 30 years (SD=12.5), ranging from 18 to 83 years, and an average of 14 years of federated practice (SD=9.55). Resilience was measured through a tripartite assessment of its domains: adversity factors (personal experience with the virus, effects on sports practice, and fear of COVID-19), protection mechanisms (satisfaction with social support and coping strategies), and adjustment (life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and subjective impact of the pandemic). The results suggest that the drop in training characteristics, time without trainingand lockdown, fear of COVID-19, and behavioral disengagement are negative predictors of positive adjustment. On the other hand, active coping and satisfaction with social support were positively associated with athletes' adaptation. Furthermore, it was found that being female is an additional adversity factor and that external circumstances, such as the severity of the pandemic, seem to interfere with the participants' adjustment. In conclusion, results suggest that sports institutions should prioritizeathletes’ mental health and promote their sports practice as much as possible.(AU)

La COVID-19 desencadenó el mayor estado de emergencia mundial desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, estableciendo un período de transición duradero y desafiante en la vida de cualquiera. En el caso de los/as deportistas, surgen algunos retos específicos, especialmente los asociados a las restricciones en los entrenamientos y las competiciones, impuestas por las medidas sanitarias. El objetivo principal de este estudio exploratorio y transversal es comprender la resiliencia de los/as atletas frente a la COVID-19.Los datos se recogieron entre diciembre de 2020 y marzo de 2021 de 1,016 participantes con una edad media de 30 años (±12.5), con un rango de 18 a 83 años, y con una media de 14 años de práctica federada (±9.55). La resiliencia se midió a través de una evaluación tripartita de sus dominios: factores de adversidad (experiencia personal con el virus, efectos en la práctica deportivay miedo al COVID-19), mecanismos de protección (satisfacción con el apoyo social y estrategias de afrontamiento) y ajuste (satisfacción vital, afecto positivo y negativo e impacto subjetivo de la pandemia). Los resultados sugieren que el descenso de las características del entreno, el tiempo sin entrenar y en confinamiento, el miedo al COVID-19 y la desvinculación conductual son predictores negativos del ajuste positivo. Por otro lado, el afrontamiento activo y la satisfacción con el apoyo social se asociaron positivamente con la adaptación de los/as deportistas. Además, se encontró que ser mujer es un factor de adversidad adicional y que las circunstancias externas, como la gravedad de la pandemia, parecen interferir en la adaptación de los/as participantes. En conclusión, los resultados sugieren que las instituciones deportivas deberían priorizar la salud mental de los/as atletas y promover su práctica deportiva en la medida de lo posible.(AU)

A COVID-19 desencadeou o maior estado de emergência global desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial, estabelecendo um período de transição duradouro e desafiante na vida de qualquer pessoa. No caso dos atletas federados, surgiram alguns desafios específicos, particularmente associados às restrições nos treinos e competições impostas por medidas sanitárias. O principal objetivo deste estudo exploratório de natureza trasnversal é compreender aresiliência dos/as atletas federados/as face à COVID-19. Os dados foram recolhidos entre dezembro de 2020 e março de 2021 junto de 1016 participantes com uma idade média de 30 anos (DP=12.5), variando de 18 a 83 anos, e com uma média de 14 anos de prática federada (DP=9.55). A resiliência foi medida através de uma avaliação tripartida dos seus domínios: fatores de risco (experiência pessoal com o vírus, efeitos na prática desportiva, e medo da COVID-19), mecanismos de proteção (satisfação com o apoio social e estratégias de coping), e ajustamento (satisfação com a vida, afeto positivo e negativo, e impacto subjetivo da pandemia). Os resultados sugerem que a queda nas características do treino, o tempo sem treino e em confinamento, o medo da COVID-19 e o desinvestimento comportamental são preditores negativos de ajustamento positivo. Por outro lado, o coping ativo e a satisfação com o apoio social foram positivamente associados à adaptação dos/as atletas. Além disso, verificou-se que ser mulher é um fatorde risco adicional e que circunstâncias externas, tais como a gravidade da pandemia, parecem interferir com o ajustamento dos/as participantes. Em conclusão, os resultados sugerem que as instituições desportivas devem dar prioridade à saúde mental dos/as atletas e promovera sua prática desportiva tanto quanto possível.(AU)

Barriers to disengagement from an athletic career: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis with retired elite-level female footballers / Barreras que conducen a la desvinculación en la trayetória deportiva: un análisis fenomenológico interpretativo con futbolistas de élite retiradas / Obstáculos ao desinvestimento na carreira atlética: Uma análise fenomenológica interpretativa com ex-jogadoras de futebol de elite

En el contexto de la práctica deportiva, tan pronto como se pasa el período ideal para alcanzar ciertasmetas y la inversión en una meta ya no es alcanzable, la desinversión en una determinada meta bloqueada y la reinversión en metas alternativas contribuirán a un desarrollo adaptativo, como argumentan las teorías de autorregulación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar las barreras experimentadas por cuatro ex jugadoras de fútbol de élite durante su período de adaptación a largo plazo. Eneste sentido, el presente estudio se desarrolló de acuerdo con los principios del análisis fenomenológico interpretativo. Los resultados sugieren que los ex deportistas tuvieron dificultades para desprenderse de sus objetivos profesionales durante la transición a la retirada del deporte, habiendo enumerado cuatro razones: i) elmiedo a ser olvidados; ii) el intentode crear un vínculo para una futura implicación como futuras entrenadoras; iii) la creencia de que como practicantes disfrutan de un rol muy gratificante; iv) la presión social para seguir practicando a un nivel deportivo de élite. Estos resultados muestran que con el acercamiento de la edad de retiro, las atletas pueden beneficiarse de intervenciones psicológicas que ayuden a esta transición de carrera.(AU)

Once the optimal age for achieving certain goals has passed and the investmentin a goal is no longer possible, self-regulation theories claim that disengagement from the goal and re-engagement in alternative goals will contribute to adaptive development. The present study explored the barriers experienced by four retired female elite-level footballers when adapting to retirement in the long term. To achieve this, the study was designed according to the principles of InterpretativePhenomenological Analysis. Our findings suggest that the ex-athletes found it difficult to disengage from their career goals during their transitions out of elite sport and listed four main reasons for this: i) the fear of being forgotten; ii) the attempt to create a link for future involvement as future coaches; iii) the belief that as practitioners they enjoy a very rewarding role in terms of achievement; iv) the social pressure to continue practicing at an elite sporting level. These findings suggest athletes approaching retirement might benefit from support interventions to help prevent distress and to promote well-being during their transitions out of elite sport. Therefore, clubs and federations should encourage and foster the development of adequate career transition programs, to achieve a fairer environment and a better quality of life for the players.(AU)

No contexto da prática desportiva, assim que o período ideal para que os praticantes alcancem determinadas metas é ultrapassado e o investimento em um objetivo já não é passível de ser alcançado, o desinvestimento em determinado objetivo bloqueado e o reinvestimento em objetivos alternativos poderá contribuir para um desenvolvimento adaptativo, conforme sustentam as teorias da autorregulação. O presente estudo teve como propósito explorar as principais barreiras experienciadas por quatro ex-atletas de futebol de elite durante o seu período de adaptação a longo prazo. Para tal recorreu-se aos princípios da análise fenomenológica interpretativa. Os resultados sugerem que as ex-atletas apresentaram dificuldades em desinvestir dos objetivos de carreira durante a transição para a reforma da prática desportiva, tendo para tal elencado quatrorazões principais: i) o medo de serem esquecidas; ii) a tentativa de criarem uma ligação para um futuro envolvimento enquanto futuras treinadoras; iii) a crença de que enquanto praticantes usufruem de umpapel deveras gratificante em termos de realização;iv) a pressão social para continuarem a praticar ao nível do desporto de elite. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que, com a aproximação da idade da reforma, as atletas podem beneficiar de intervenções psicológicas que facilitem a transição de carreira e previnam elevados níveis de stresse, promovendo-se o bem-estar durante a respetiva transição. Deste modo, afigura-se recomendável que tanto clubes como federações encorajem e fomentem o desenvolvimento deprogramas adequados de transição de carreira, em nome de um mais justo enquadramento e de uma melhor qualidade de vida dos praticantes desportivos.(AU)